Proceedings of Research Works 1998 250 66 Zdiby 98, tel. 02/685 7375, fax: 02/685 7056, e-mail: odis@vugtk.anet.cz

1. Introduction

All publications were issued in the series REPORTS ON GEODESY, published by the Warsaw University of Technology, Institute of Geodesy and Geodetic Astronomy, chaired by J. Sledzinski, the International Coordinator of the CEI Section C "GEODESY".The set of these publications covers the main scientific results gained for the above listed regions. The present contribution then is the information on main achievements of all monographs, published in joint Summary and suggests also the further continuation of studies by means of advanced techniques.

It has to be stressed that whole area covered by present studies is tectonically very complicated (Fig. 1.) and includes a set of geological units different in age and tectonic development. However, all results of studies in different parts of the area under study show the Neotectonic (especially Quaternary) activation of movements and their continuation in recent time, Geodynamical models, elaborated for separate parts of entire territory under study are sometimes contradictory but are in agreement with general trends of movements and deformations in Central Europe. These phenomena should be the interest of further studies aimed at better understanding on mechanism of movements occur there.

In general, the problems concern are connected to the study and understanding of evolution (geodynamical properties) of the Earth. The prime interest is focused on the Earth crust, defined as the upper layer of the Earth body. This layer is bordered by the so called Mohorovicic (Moho) discontinuity at the bottom, and by the Earth surface at the top. Nevertheless, as will be discussed later, the activity of the crust is related to properties and behaviour of subcrustal layers, especially known as upper mantle.

The initial research of development of the Earth in geological past has been done by geoloGISts during the last century, and was based for instance on analyzes of the present position of oceanic sedimentary layers above sea level. This approach, and first results suggested ideas on periodical uplifts and subsidences, i.e. on the predominant role of vertical movements. Due to the lack of proper technique and methods, the structure beneath the Earth surface was unknown. WEGENER (1915)expressed his theory on the horizontal movements of continents, but as the basis for geodynamical studies was fully accepted after the Second World War. Nevertheless, it should be stressed that at the 3rd General Assembly of the International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics (IUGG), held in Praha (Czechoslovakia) in 1927, the Resolution on monitoring the continents` movements by means of repeated astronomical observations was approved.

The Neotectonic period and its dynamical consequences are continuing in present, recent time, and can be detected by means of repeated geodetic, especially terrestrial methods as "recent crustal (or surface) movements". In the last time also geodetic analyzes and interpretations of satellite observations (mainly GPS) performed at the permanent GPS stations are of great importance. They allow us to determine and monitor also short periodic changes and movements of the Earth`s crust. In general for the territory of Central Europe it is supposed that the origin of its dynamics is related to the consequences of collision of African and Eurasian tectonic plates (for instance HORVATH and BERCKHEMER, 1982,or MUELLER and KAHLE, 1993).

2. The main achievements of the studies

The area of the Bohemian Massif is usually considered as a part of old European Platform and belonging to very old areas of the Earth`s crust. In the framework of geological situation of Central Europe it looks like independent steady rhomODIS stone. From the south is surrounded by younger Eastern Alps and from the east by Western Carpathians. A main part of the Bohemian Massif is located at the territory of Czech Republic, its contact with Eastern Alps is located at the Austria and Bavaria (Germany) but its contact with Western Carpathians is at the eastern part of Czech Republic.

The present face of the Bohemian Massif was reached after a long and difficult geological history, started in deep Precambrian. In its structure are reflected results of all main Central European tectonogeneses as Hercynian, Caledonian, Cadomian and "Moldanubitian". However, by its parameters in Neotectonics is the Bohemian Massif classified as significant activation in the history of the Earth, comparable with Alpina or Parisian. It is why the sometimes used term "Platform", does not express the characteristics of tectonical regime of this epoch. Platforms have monotonous tectonic regime and structures as well as monotonous sedimentation in the plane relief. In contrary, the Bohemian Massif in Neotectonic epoch is activated epivarisian platform, where the degree of activation corresponds to a weak epivarisian orogenesis, which create low mountains and large amount of contrastive folds structures.

The Neotectonic period embraces roughly the Neogene and Quaternary (35-40 mil. years) and has succession of new qualities, unknown in previous periods, and by many of authors is considered as an independent, postalpinian period of the Earth`s development. It is why the territory of the Bohemian Massif can not be considered as platform area during last 35-40 mil. years. Contrary to the recent real platforms in northern Germany and Poland, the evolution of the Bohemian Massif in Neotectonic period is quite different, and is expressed in contrast topography, varying between 100 up to 1600 m above sea level.

With respect to the development during Neotectonic period the interest is focused especially on this period, including recent movements. The geodynamics is related to the structure of the Earth`s crust and its geophysical properties. These results are discussed separately and on the background of recent movements as well. It should be stressed that the area under study was investigated in last decades carefully. The special interdisciplinary publications, Geophysical Syntheses were edited by ZÁTOPEKand BERÁNEK (1975) and by ZÁTOPEK (1981), where the most important achievements in the field of geophysical and geodynamical investigations were published. The last summary of present knowledge on the Bohemian Massif and West Carpathians was presented in monograph, edited by BUCHA and BLIŽKOVSKÝ (1994) as well.

The results of continuous geophysical studies reflect the complicated structure of the Earth crust, divided by horizontal and vertical discontinuities. The crustal thickness (depth of Moho discontinuity) vary there between 30 and 38 km. The thickness of Lithosphere is estimated by the depths from 80 to 140 km. The internal seismicity of the Bohemian Massif is low and concentrated in localities of western Bohemia (Kraslice-Vogtland area), NE Bohemia (Hronov-Poříčí fault) and northern Moravia (Silezia). In addition, the territory of the Bohemian Massif is affected by the seismic waves of earthquakes in Alpine region.

The residuals of pressure forces of Alpine - Carpathians belt towards Bohemian Massif can be expected until recent time. These assumptions are supported by distribution of earthquakes and stress field in Alpine foreland determined especially by means of geophysical observations in last decades. The new seismotectonical model of dynamics of the Bohemian Massif is then presented as well.

As in other geological province covered by the set of monographs, the precise (quasi)geoid was determined for the territory of Czech Republic and its vicinity. The mutual connection between the crustal structure and undulations of geoid can be found. The repeated absolute gravity measurements did not result in determination of temporal gravity variations (except tidal variations).

The results of applications of terrestrial geodetic methods in geodynamical studies at the territory of the Bohemian Massif and its contact with West Carpathians are presented. The map of annual velocities of vertical movements with the reference benchmark Želešice (SE part of the Bohemian Massif) is presented. The movements vary between -6 mm/year subsidences (norther part of the Vienna basin in southern Moravia) and 2.7 mm/year uplifts (Krušné hory Mts. in NW Bohemia). A good agreement between the crustal structure, determined by means of geophysical methods and vertical movements was determined.

In horizontal plane the deformations of the order of about 0.7 mm/year/km were determined especially in the local networks at the contact zone between the Carpathians and the Bohemian Massif. The compression deformations were revealed in northern part of this contact and the extensions (spreading) in southern part. The horizontal deformations were determined at other localities within the Bohemian Massif. These results are considered as the first estimation of the recent dynamics determined by means of geodetic terrestrial methods. As a next step of movement studies, the repeated observations by means of GPS technique are supposed.

The Teisseyre -Torquist tectonic Zone (TTZ) is undoubtedly one of the most important lineament zone of the European subcontinent and form a transition zone between the East European Proterozoic platform or craton to the north-east and the Phanerozoic, mainly Variscian platform of Central, North-East and South-East Europe to the south-west. The geotectonic position of the TTZ is defined as a relatively narrow crustal strip for which Caledonian folded lower Paleozoic deep-water sedimentary cover is either documented or assumed. Some authors also assume the former existence of a Caledonian mountain belt at least in the Polish sector of the TTZ.

More precisely defined is the TTZ by geophysicists. They define the TTZ as a long narrow graben-like crustal strip with a markedly increased thickness of the sedimentary layer and crystalline crust in respect to the surrounding crustal blocks. Both geologic and geophysical criteria were together a basis for drawing up a preliminary sketch map of the geotectonic setting of the TTZ.

For further studies the TTZ may be conventionally subdivided into three segments: (1) the northern, Polish segment, which represents the Locus typicus or tectonotype of the TTZ, (2) the central, Ukrainian and Moldavian segment, in which the crystalline and partially metamorphosed early Paleozoic basement is deeply buried below the Alpine nappes of the East Carpathians, and (3) the southern, Dobrogean segment of Romania which is only provisionally included into the TTZ.

As concerns the present geodynamics, the annual velocities of vertical movements are studied separately and at the background of geophysical data as well. The first results of the GPS observation in time interval of some years are presented and discussed, especially in the view of movements in 3-D.

The Pannonian basin itself is located in eastern Central Europe. Together with the surrounding, the basin lies within parts of nine countries: Austria, Hungary, Slovakia, Poland, Ukraine, Romania, Serbia, Croatia and Slovenia, though the basin is situated predominantly in Hungary. Geographically the Pannonian basin is encircled by the Cartpathian Mountains to the north and east, the Dinarides to the south and the Southern a Eastern Alps to the west. In general, the Pannonian basin itself is a lowland with an average elevation of 150 m above sea level. Geologically the Pannonian basin lies inside the Eurasia plates and the microplates between them. It is a Neogene extensional basin. Its area is characterized by thin crust (POSGAY et al., 1995, HORVÁTH, 1993) and high heat flow (DOVÉNYI et al., 1983), and the thickness of the sedimentary fill reaches 7-8 km in the deepest parts (KILÉNYI at al., 1991).

The annual velocities of vertical movement are studied on the basis of the map of Carpatho-Balkan Region. The horizontal component of recent movements within Hungary as determined by means of GPS are analyzed preliminary. Using various geological, geophysical and geodetic data, the main characteristics of the kinematics and general pattern of the recent crustal deformations in and around the Pannonian Basin were outlined. In addition, the geodynamical model is presented as well (BADA andHORVÁTH, 1998).

The Carpathians with their platform and internal (Pannonian) framing appear to be an excellent test area for the studies that can play a significant role in creation of the new general theory of the Earth`s crust development. Such a concept, based on the most important achievements of the hypotheses of lithospheric plates as well as pushing, expanding, and stratified Earth, should include an explanation of the formation mechanism of circular structures. Unfortunately, the last phenomenon is not satisfactory explained from the point of view of the above mentioned hypotheses. Probably, the well known Russian scientist V. Beloussov was not far from the truth, when he claimed that one who would explain the nature of this region, would discover the formation mechanism of the whole Earth`s crust.

There are not too many regions in the world like the Carpathian Arc. Here, on relatively small area one might observe a variety of numerous structures with diverse stratigraphic profiles, morphologies, formation compositions, complexes of mineral resources, and histories of geodynamic processes. Active geodynamic processes take place here till our times. They remind us of their presence by threatening natural hazards - disastrous earthquakes.

The recent movement studies are based on analyses of repeated levellings as well as on analyses of terrestrial horizontal measurements at chosen localities (test areas.). The tendencies for spreading across the Carpathians foredeep, similar to tendencies at the territory of the Czech Republic, were determined in Ukrainian part.

As concerns the last monograph, the area covers more or less the territory of Romania and can be subdivided into the old Carpathian Foreland and arc of Carpathian Orogen. Then, the discussion is focused on East European Platform, Scynthian Platform, Dobrogean orogen and Moesian Platform, and Eastern and Southern Carpathians as well as the Apuseni Mountains and Transylvanian Basin. Obviously, the different parts of the area under study are connected by they development in space and time with surrounding areas as Western Carpathians, Pannonian Basin but also with Balkanides and Dinarides, not embraced by present set of monographs yet. The historical geodynamical activity is characterized by contrasts in relief, and in present time by the seismic activity. Only two decades elapsed for instance after the strong earthquake in Romania with the epicentre within the Vranchea Zone, on the junction of the Eastern and Southern Carpathians.

The different structures are reflected by the variations in anomalies of gravity field (Bouguer, isostatic). Besides the well-known geodetic utilities, the ever more accurate high resolution geoids, obtained as global, regional or local gravimetric solutions, are used by geoscientists in studies regarding the inner structure of the Earth. It is important to stress that the largest wavelength geoid undulations reflect physical inhomogeneities within the Earth (large scale boundaries with distinct density contrast), the possibility of deducing geological structures or limits of bodies depending on the correlation or superposition between geophysical, geological and topographical features. The geoidal anomalies are smoother and larger than gravity ones, implying much deeper density contrasts revealed by the geoid (IOANE et al., 1993).

The deep seismic soundings technique has been applied in Romania since 1966. The Moho discontinuity map shows the similar general aspects determined by the regional sinking in the orogenic areas. The maximum depth of this boundary was recorded in the Cheia-Covasna area (52-55 km). In the middle of the Transylvanian Basin the map shows a thinning crust of about 29-30 km. Worthy to be mentioned are the recent studies elaborated on the basis of the seismic events recorded in Romanian seismic network. ENESCU (1992) estimated the lithosphere thickness in Romania: about 60 km in the Pannonian Depression, 72-74 km in the Moesian Platform, 75-77 km in the Epicene Mountains, 80-85 km in the Carpathians and 100-105 km in the Moldavian Platform. It was considered a great lithosphere thickness (90-220 km) in the intermediate Vrancea earthquake zone. The geodynamical studies based on geodetic remeasurements are focused on the last, the most accurate map of annual velocities of vertical movements. This map is based on levellings, repeated after the disastrous Vrancea earthquake (March 4, 1977), and constructed by POPESCU and DRAGOESCU (1986). The general geodynamic image of the Romanian territory is governed by the continuous uplifts of mountainous regions and subsidence movements of the plain areas. The strongest uplifts were disclosed in norther part of East Carpathians where values up to 5-6 mm/year were recorded.

In addition maps of vertical movements of the territory of Romania, the specialized geodetic and gravimetric observations were performed in different localities. These works carried out there indicated the existence of horizontal and vertical displacements. It has been observed also the relation to displacements and occurrence of earthquakes. After strong earthquake in August 1986 the subsidence of levelling benchmarks at levelling line was recorded, but over the next period of time the benchmarks continued in general trend to uplifts. After the remote earthquake in Alps the similar phenomenon was detected in the Bohemian Massif as well.

3. Conclusions and suggestions

Obviously, the presented monographs are not uniform in contents, and the information presented there depend on amount and quality of data on different geological, geophysical and geodetic phenomena. Anyway, it should be emphasized here that all regions are not so stable and tectonically "dead" as has been supposed earlier. In order to understand whole the region, the similar studies in Balkanides, Dinarides and whole Alps and Apennines should be add as one item of continuation of started studies.

The results presented in different monographs can be briefly summarized as follows:

• at the territory of all provinces the geodetical geological and geophysical investigations and analyses were performed in past and in present time,
• all studied provinces are situated at very important part of the European continent, and were dynamically active in geological past, especially also in neotectonics as well as recent time,
• the mutual connection between the geophysical fields, crustal structure and geotectonical properties and recent movements was found in all provinces,
• the first geodynamical models were constructed for separate parts of all provinces,
• a parts of all provinces are seismically active, in some of them the disastrous earthquakes occur, and entire territory is affected by the crossing of seismic waves, sometimes from remote earthquakes and recorded also by means of geodetic methods at separate fault zones,
• for the studies of recent movements, the results of repeated levellings, distance and angle measurements at special test areas and the results of absolute and relative gravity measurements were applied within all provinces,
• the construction of the precise geoid(s) within the separate provinces is in progress,
• in addition to the joint CERGOP network, the national GPS networks were established and measured in initial epochs,
• the whole set of monographs can serve as a first estimation of the geodynamical properties and recent movements at the territory covered by them.

In course of further studies, based on combination of satellite and terrestrial geodetical methods, the research should be focused on the most important zones and areas, including seismoactive localities. By this studies in more complex manner the formulation of geodynamical model of entire territory under study must be considered as final goal. Nevertheless, such a model should be prepared in cooperation of all geosciences and the results of both the analyses of repeated geodetic measurements and interpretation of permanent satellite observations must be taken into account as a main source of inevitable boundary values. Moreover, the geodynamical model of the region under study must be based on real data taken from this region where the studied geodynamical processes take place. Its contents can not be rewritten from literature or taken from other regions. Only under this conditions the final result will contribute essentially to theory, but especially to practical applications aimed at prospection of resources and solution of environmental problems including earthquakes hazard in Central Europe.

These ideas are not new, and the analyses of results of repeated geodetic terrestrial measurements were applied in past often. As examples can be shown the studies of recent tectonic stability of localities, supposed for establishment of nuclear power plants. The subsidences due to undergroud extraction of coal, gas or oil, or deformations around coal quarries were detected frequently in affected localities. The repeated geodetic methods were used also by prospection of natural resources, monitoring of stability of important constructions etc. Obviously, at the large localities the use of terrestrial methods was rather difficult and limited in space as well as in time interval between two remeasurements. In this cases the applications of satellite methods in combination with detail terrestrial measurements will be very valuable. On the other hand, the applications of GPS by determination of vertical component of movements is limited by lower accuracy in determination of altitudes and their differences. In this direction, the terrestrial precise levelling can not be replaced by the satellite methods yet.

During the life of CERGOP activities the results of traditional studies of recent movements by means of terrestrial methods performed during last some decades were completed by systematic establishment of the basis for applications of the satellite, especially GPS methods. The CERGOP network was founded on the basis of the Satellite Geodynamic Traverses (SAGET) project in 1986 prepared originally by the Institute of Geodesy and Geodetic Astronomy, Warsaw University of Technology. The aim of this project was to establish and measure the traverses that make up a multi - functional geodetic satellite network in the territory of Central and Southern Poland. At the beginning of this decade the project was reorganized into more broad EXTENDED SAGET, coordinated by the same Institute. The first observations were performed in 1992 and then repeated each year.

Short after the creation of CEI Section C the CERGOP network was established in 1993 and the campaigns of EXTENDED SAGET were fully overlapped for both projects since 1994. The results of these and further measurements, in combination with the terrestrial methods by detail measurements should be a proper basis for extension of our knowledge on geodynamics in the region under study as well as for practical applications in mining areas and other important localities.

Among other further applications of technique and present and expected information the studies of earthquakes can be mentioned. An earthquake, as the consequence of release of stress, accumulated at a fault zone should be accompanied in the stage of its preparation by deformations in the crust and at its surface. By present experiences, these deformations can be monitored by geomagnetic and geoelectric measurements, but also by application of repeated geodetic methods. In addition to the monitoring of small seismic events and their frequency by means of seismic methods (seismic arrays etc.), the monitoring of crustal and surface deformations by means of different geodetic methods is the necessary tool for estimation of the time of occurrence an earthquake. Pure seismological information is only a part of whole set of data necessary for understanding of stages of preparation of an earthquake. In this case the information on recent movements of the Earth`s surface must be taken into account without any doubt.

Taking into account the present achievements discussed above, we have to stress some requirements and steps, necessary for valorization of present expenditures, invested to the studies from the side of European community and national sources as well. The author considers these steps as follows:

1. with respect to information collected now as well as to advanced tools for determination of movements as GPS, absolute and precise relative gravity meters etc., available in the most of CEI member countries since 1990 the geodynamical studies must continue without any interruption. By any delay in continuation we lose the time which is the most important component by studies of time dependent phenomena. Finally we lose also finances, invested to the previous studies. Moreover, these requirements are in agreement with world wide effort aimed at understanding of the dynamics of the Earth. The present technique needs also the line of permanent observations and their frequent analyses wich must not be broken.
2. as has been said above, the geodynamical studies represent the present joint effort of scientists throughout the world. Among others, this effort is focused at protection of environment and monitoring of global changes. The results presented here as well as in separate monographs give the evidence on high degree of recent activity of the area under study, i.e. the area covered by the CEI member countries. With respect to higher accuracy of results achieved by means of advanced technique, the further studies, extended in Dinarides, Balkanides, Apennines and whole Alps, should be presented finally in kind of geodynamic model of whole region. Such a model enable us to predict the movements and deformations with applications by prospection of natural resources and planning of construction, sensitive to movements. Among other such a model will contribute essentially also to the understanding of the mechanism of earthquakes occure here and to the diminishing of their hazard.
3. in the first stage, the collection of large number of numerical information by repeated or permanent geodetic measurements and by other geophysical observations should be established. Such a collection will be created by international data (as CERGOP international network) and by national data (as observations in national geodynamic networks etc.). On this division can be based also the solution of financial questions related. The activities within the international network of CERGOP permanent stations should be covered by the international sources (World Bank, European Union and other international bodies), the observations within the national networks mainly by the national sources. Obviously, some unique intruments (as absolute gravity meter etc.) not available in all member countries should be lent for neccesary observations. The complex analyses, based on repeated observations and measurements should be performed more or less separately in framework of the second issue of monographs (including territories as Alps, Dinarides etc.). Obviously, the given solution is only a first idea which must be prepared in detail and presented to corresponding international community. In this connection it must be stressed that the continuation of mentioned studies was approved by the Summit Meeting of the Heads of CEI Member Countries held in Sarajevo, November 1997.

• the achievements, presented in the first set of monographs represent an overwiev on geodynamical properties of a part of the region, covered by the CEI member countries. These results are based on interdisciplinary studies of geological development, geophysical fields and crustal structure as well as recent movements, determined by means of geodetic methods,
• all the results presented now give the evidence on very difficult tectonic development, determined by collision of African and European tectonic plates, complicated crustal structure represented by different geophysical fields and geodynamical activity in present, recent time. The ability to study this activity and related phenomena as earthquakes by means of different geological, geophysical and geodetical methods is undoubted,
• on the other hand, the present knowledge should be considered in many fields of science as a first estimation of geodynamics of the area under study. Using the advantages of close CEI international and interdisciplinary cooperation, the studies have to be continued by means of advanced technique and up-to-date level of information including their exchange,
• as the next step, the main effort should be focused on the definition of geodynamical model of the area under study. This model will be based on new measurements and studies and will serve as the tool for solving of different theoretical and practical questions as earthquakes, environmental changes etc. including prediction of time dependent phenomena as geodynamics,
• in order to achieve this goal, the further measurements and studies have to be continued without interruption since the time is a very important component of whole set of activities. These studies at the CEI territory are very important, since the model must be defined on the data related to this region and can not be rewritten or taken from literature, from other part of our planet.

More or less, the results published are based on historical observations and should serve for establishment of further studies. As nations, also the science founds its future at the historical background and the history must not be forgotten. History represents the roots and without roots dies each plant. And science on geodynamics is very valuable plant. The present set of monographs and supposed continuation of these studies can be a good example and real result of international and interdisciplinary cooperation within the Central European Initiative.

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